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All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

External Features of Brainstem

Dr. T. S. Roy

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About the Course

The brainstem consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. The medulla is a cylindrical structure featuring anterior elevations known as the pyramid and olive, corresponding to the pyramidal tract and inferior olivary nucleus. Posteriorly its lower part contains the gracile and cuneate tubercles and their respective fasciculi.

The ventral surface of the pons features a vertical sulcus for the basilar artery and continues as the middle cerebellar peduncle at the attachment point of the trigeminal nerve. The posterior surface of the pons, along with the upper open part of the medulla, contributes to the floor of the fourth ventricle.

Additionally, seven cranial nerves are attached to the pons and medulla.

Visible structures of the midbrain include the cerebral peduncles and the third cranial nerve anteriorly, and the superior and inferior colliculi, the fourth cranial nerve, and the superior cerebellar peduncles posteriorly.